Integrand size = 13, antiderivative size = 104 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{5 x^5}-\frac {\arctan (x)}{4}-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\arctan \left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}(x)}{4}+\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}} \]
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Time = 0.04 (sec) , antiderivative size = 104, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 14, number of rules used = 11, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.846, Rules used = {331, 306, 303, 1176, 631, 210, 1179, 642, 304, 209, 212} \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan (x)}{4}-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}(x)}{4}-\frac {1}{5 x^5}+\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}} \]
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Rule 209
Rule 210
Rule 212
Rule 303
Rule 304
Rule 306
Rule 331
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 1176
Rule 1179
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}+\int \frac {x^2}{1-x^8} \, dx \\ & = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {x^2}{1-x^4} \, dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx \\ & = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1-x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1+x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1-x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1+x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx \\ & = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt {2}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)+\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{5 x^5}-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)+\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 104, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=\frac {1}{80} \left (-\frac {16}{x^5}-20 \arctan (x)-10 \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )+10 \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )-10 \log (1-x)+10 \log (1+x)+5 \sqrt {2} \log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )-5 \sqrt {2} \log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )\right ) \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 3.34 (sec) , antiderivative size = 42, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.40
method | result | size |
risch | \(-\frac {1}{5 x^{5}}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (\textit {\_R}^{3}+x \right )\right )}{8}-\frac {\ln \left (-1+x \right )}{8}-\frac {\arctan \left (x \right )}{4}+\frac {\ln \left (1+x \right )}{8}\) | \(42\) |
default | \(-\frac {\ln \left (-1+x \right )}{8}+\frac {\ln \left (1+x \right )}{8}-\frac {\arctan \left (x \right )}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (\ln \left (\frac {1+x^{2}-\sqrt {2}\, x}{1+x^{2}+\sqrt {2}\, x}\right )+2 \arctan \left (\sqrt {2}\, x +1\right )+2 \arctan \left (\sqrt {2}\, x -1\right )\right )}{16}-\frac {1}{5 x^{5}}\) | \(74\) |
meijerg | \(\frac {\left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} \left (\frac {8 \left (-1\right )^{\frac {3}{8}}}{5 x^{5}}+\frac {x^{3} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {3}{8}} \left (\ln \left (1-\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )-\ln \left (1+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )-\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (1-\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}{2-\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}\right )+2 \arctan \left (\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (1+\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}{2+\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}\right )\right )}{\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {3}{8}}}\right )}{8}\) | \(161\) |
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.29 (sec) , antiderivative size = 104, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=\frac {\left (5 i - 5\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x^{5} \log \left (2 \, x + \left (i + 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2}\right ) - \left (5 i + 5\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x^{5} \log \left (2 \, x - \left (i - 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2}\right ) + \left (5 i + 5\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x^{5} \log \left (2 \, x + \left (i - 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2}\right ) - \left (5 i - 5\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x^{5} \log \left (2 \, x - \left (i + 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2}\right ) - 20 \, x^{5} \arctan \left (x\right ) + 10 \, x^{5} \log \left (x + 1\right ) - 10 \, x^{5} \log \left (x - 1\right ) - 16}{80 \, x^{5}} \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 143.23 (sec) , antiderivative size = 53, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.51 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=- \frac {\log {\left (x - 1 \right )}}{8} + \frac {\log {\left (x + 1 \right )}}{8} + \frac {i \log {\left (x - i \right )}}{8} - \frac {i \log {\left (x + i \right )}}{8} - \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (4096 t^{4} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (- 512 t^{3} + x \right )} \right )\right )} - \frac {1}{5 x^{5}} \]
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Time = 0.28 (sec) , antiderivative size = 93, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.89 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{5 \, x^{5}} - \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x - 1\right ) \]
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Time = 0.27 (sec) , antiderivative size = 95, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.91 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{5 \, x^{5}} - \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left ({\left | x + 1 \right |}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left ({\left | x - 1 \right |}\right ) \]
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Time = 0.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 50, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.48 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^6 \left (1-x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\right )}{4}-\frac {1}{5\,x^5}-\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {1}{8}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {1}{8}{}\mathrm {i}\right ) \]
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